The systematic destruction of heritage often forms part of strategic acts of ‘culturecide’. Women, specifically, were brutalised and left bereft of gender-specific cultural norms. More recently, a campaign of malicious cultural ‘unfixing’, accompanied by extreme physical and sexual violence, was prosecuted by Daesh (Islamic State) against the Yazidi and other communities in Iraq and Syria. The obliteration and theft of cultural heritage from Jewish and Roma peoples throughout Nazi-occupied Europe during the Second World War was such an offensive, compounding the drive to dehumanise and delegitimise entire ethnicities. Cultural heritage has also been destroyed and weaponised at scale in recent conflicts in Ethiopia, Mali, Myanmar, Nagorno-Karabakh, Somali, and Syria. It has also seen the deliberate damage of hundreds of places of worship, museums, historic buildings, and memorials. The Russian invasion has precipitated humanitarian challenges not seen in Europe since the Second World War.
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